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Sustainable public-private partnerships: Balancing the multi-actor ecosystem and societal requirements

Pekka Leviäkangas, Yanbing YE, Oluwole Alfred OLATUNJI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第3期页码 347-356 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018020

摘要：

The funding gap of public infrastructure networks (roads, railways, ports, electricity, and energy lines) can be solved partly by introducing private capital for investments, i.e., public-private partnerships (PPP). This paper introduces an integrated model of a PPP project and investigates its implications on PPP policies and strategies regarding appropriate project appraisal and selection. The model has different resolution levels, namely, project level, business ecosystem level, and market and societal levels. The integrated model suggests that investing in merely financially viable projects is insufficient to realize economically and socially sustainable and acceptable projects.

关键词： public-private partnerships (PPP) project appraisal and selection integrated model socially sustainable

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Robust public-private partnerships for joint railway and property development

Ka Fai NG, Hong K. LO, Yue HUAI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 437-450 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017068

摘要： The involvement of the private sector in the construction or operation of an infrastructure project may enhance the financial viability of projects, which facilitates the formation of public-private partnership (PPP) for project delivery. PPP exploits the strength of the private sector by shifting certain project risks from the public party to the private sector who can efficiently manage certain risks. In joint railway and housing development, the approach of bundling railway and housing development (R&HD) allows cross-subsidization between immense railway construction cost and profitable housing rental revenue. This approach also provides flexibility in incorporating PPP models by distributing railway and housing revenues and costs and their inherent risks properly to the public and private sectors. Ng and Lo (2015a) developed an evaluation framework for joint railway and property development, which evaluates PPPs based on financial and construction criteria for selecting the best suitable PPP for a particular project. This study, which is based on the framework in Ng and Lo (2015a), aims to examine the robustness of various PPP configurations. This study analyzes the effects of PPP configurations on stakeholders’ risks and returns under population or demand growth and railway construction cost uncertainties. The eventual outcome of particular PPP configurations is also examined. This study also seeks to answer the following questions: How would optimal configuration change under highly volatile population and railway construction cost? Are there PPP configurations that are robust to these uncertainties and those that are sensitive to a particular uncertainty? This understanding is critical for managing risks and facilitating the formation of appropriate PPP for R&HD.

关键词： public-private partnership BFOOD housing and railway development

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Are public‒private partnerships still an answer for social infrastructure?

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 467-482 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0249-1

摘要： Social infrastructure has become an important element for measuring national economic development and social benefits that are usually financed in the form of government grants, private investment, and public‒private partnerships (PPPs). However, social infrastructure PPPs have attracted considerable public debate due to their low profitability and complex operational demands. This study aims to answer the question, “are PPPs still an answer for social infrastructure?”, from the perspectives of the body of knowledge, application status, and prospects. Initially, an iterative search and review procedure and a scientometric analysis were performed to systematically screen the literature and to structure the body of knowledge of the social infrastructure PPPs literature. Furthermore, the application status and trends were analyzed to further explore the studied countries/regions, application sectors, and research topics. Results show that PPPs still have valuable application potential for delivering social infrastructure despite their mixed results across different topics. Six main research themes and the corresponding research trends were also identified, namely, financing and economics viability, risk management, performance management, contract and relationship management, governance and regulation, and facilitating and hindering factors. These findings offer practitioners and researchers a comprehensive overview and constructive guidance on social infrastructure PPPs.

关键词： public‒private partnerships social infrastructure scientometric analysis systematic review

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Real option-based optimization for financial incentive allocation in infrastructure projects under public–privatepartnerships

Shuai LI, Da HU, Jiannan CAI, Hubo CAI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 413-425 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0045-0

摘要： Financial incentives that stimulate energy investments under public–private partnerships are considered scarce public resources, which require deliberate allocation to the most economically justified projects to maximize the social benefits. This study aims to solve the financial incentive allocation problem through a real option-based nonlinear integer programming approach. Real option theory is leveraged to determine the optimal timing and the corresponding option value of providing financial incentives. The ambiguity in the evolution of social benefits, the decision-maker’s attitude toward ambiguity, and the uncertainty in social benefits and incentive costs are all considered. Incentives are offered to the project portfolio that generates the maximum total option value. The project portfolio selection is formulated as a stochastic knapsack problem with random option values in the objective function and random incentive costs in the probabilistic budget constraint. The linear probabilistic budget constraint is subsequently transformed into a nonlinear deterministic one. Finally, the integer non-linear programming problem is solved, and the optimality gap is computed to assess the quality of the optimal solution. A case study is presented to illustrate how the limited financial incentives can be optimally allocated under uncertainty and ambiguity, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed method.

关键词： financial incentives public–private partnerships energy infrastructure projects real option optimization uncertainty

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A fuzzy model for assessing the risk exposure of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through public-private

Albert P.C. CHAN, Robert OSEI-KYEI, Yi HU, Yun LE

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 64-77 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018067

摘要： Considering the rapid urbanization growth rate particularly in developing countries, the number of infrastructure mega-projects over the past years has risen tremendously. Essentially, because infrastructure mega-projects require huge investment funds, better management skills, well qualified and experienced international expertise and technology innovation, they are mostly preferred to be procured using the PPP method compare to the use of the traditional bid-build system. In this regard, this paper aims to develop a fuzzy evaluation model for assessing the suitability of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through PPP by considering their risk exposure. The main body of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) is used as a case project to demonstrate the practicality of the risk evaluation model. The risk evaluation model consists of four critical risk groupings, these include, construction and land risks, commercial risks, operational risks and political risks. Using the risk evaluation equation, a risk index of 4.53 out of 5.00 is computed for the selected project if it is procured through the PPP scheme. This outcome shows that the case project is not suitable for the PPP approach because its risk exposure is very high. The model developed will enable PPP practitioners to predict the likely risk exposure of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through the PPP scheme.

关键词： infrastructure mega-projects public-private partnership Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong fuzzy

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State versus private sector provision of water services in Armenia

Naira HARUTYUNYAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第5期页码 620-630 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0425-8

摘要： Despite increasing advocacy and adaptation of public-private model of water governance worldwide since the 1990s, today only 5% of the world’s population is served by water utilities with private involvement. The present article examines the experience of the water sector in Armenia with private sector participation. The study describes the process of the introduction of public-private partnerships in the water sector and focuses on analyzing the impact of privatization on water utility performance. The analysis employs the partial indicator method for evaluating the impacts in relation to operational, finance, and environmental performance, done by drawing on the database for the five water companies in Armenia. The empirical evidence shows that private participation in general led to improved overall performance. In particular, private involvement resulted in increased operational efficiency in terms of labor productivity, water metering, continuity of service, and revenue collection efficiency. There were mixed improvements in the operating cost coverage ratio. As for environmental performance, there were gains in the reduction of residential water consumption, accompanied, however, by an increase in non-revenue water.

关键词： water governance water privatization public-private partnership operational efficiency Armenia transition economy

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中国城市轨道交通可持续发展的工程管理议题

杨文武

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第11期页码 80-86

摘要：

中国大力发展城市轨道交通，是加速城镇化建设和实现可持续发展的重大战略举措。城市轨道交通可持续发展的核心议题，就是以轨道交通建设引导城市发展（TOD），整合资源以激发、创造轨道和城市发展的正能级，创新体制和创新技术以优化资源配置，吸引民间资本参与轨道交通的投资、建设和运营，实现可持续的多赢目标。本文剖析香港“铁路+物业”综合发展模式的内涵，以深圳地铁6 号线TOD研究项目为例，讨论中国城市轨道交通可持续发展的工程管理议题，探索轨道带动新城镇发展和城镇发展反哺轨道建设的可持续发展模式。

关键词：城市轨道交通铁路+物业可持续发展 TOD 公私合作经营（PPP）工程管理

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公共文化建设项目应用公私伙伴关系模式的探讨

郭峰,蔡艺卿,王飞球

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第11期页码 108-112

摘要：

为改善我国公共文化建设项目的效率和提高公共文化服务水平，分析了公私伙伴关系（PPP）模式在公共文化建设项目的应用。本文研究对象是PPP模式在我国的应用现状和公共文化建设项目的特殊性，分析了PPP 模式在我国公共文化建设项目的适用性及优势，以宁波文化广场为例分析了PPP 模式的应用过程，并提出实现我国公共文化建筑PPP

关键词： PPP模式公共文化建设项目应用分析

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Theoretical Analysis of Public Rental House Supply

Yue Teng,Bo Xu,Xiao Li,Ling Li,Xia-zhi Fang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第4期页码 372-377 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014056

摘要： The public rental house (PRH) plays a significant role in our housing security system. Using the theory of public goods, both government and private enterprises have advantages and disadvantages in supplying the PRH. In order to optimize the present supply system of the PRH, this article introduces the delivery pattern of public and private partnerships (PPP) into the government allocation system, and improves it into public-intermediary-private-partnerships (PIPP), a new supply system through government, private enterprises and intermediary organization cooperation. It helps to better achieve the security role of the PRH in our society.

关键词： PIPP public rental house government supply PPP

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P2P energy trading via public power networks: Practical challenges, emerging solutions, and the way forward

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 189-197 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0873-9

摘要： Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is an emerging energy supply paradigm where customers with distributed energy resources (DERs) are allowed to directly trade and share electricity with each other. P2P energy trading can facilitate local power and energy balance, thus being a potential way to manage the rapidly increasing number of DERs in net zero transition. It is of great importance to explore P2P energy trading via public power networks, to which most DERs are connected. Despite the extensive research on P2P energy trading, there has been little large-scale commercial deployment in practice across the world. In this paper, the practical challenges of conducting P2P energy trading via public power networks are identified and presented, based on the analysis of a practical Local Virtual Private Networks (LVPNs) case in North Wales, UK. The ongoing efforts and emerging solutions to tackling the challenges are then summarized and critically reviewed. Finally, the way forward for facilitating P2P energy trading via public power networks is proposed.

关键词： distribution network local virtual private network network charges peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading practical implementation.

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Study of Sustainable Urban Rail Transit Development Model in China

Wen-wu Yang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第2期页码 195-201 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014026

摘要： As the grand urbanization rapidly progresses in China, Chinese government launches a magnificent urban rail transit development plan as the key part of the preferential public transportation strategy. It is very necessary to establish a viable public private partnership model for urban rail construction. The philosophy of transit-oriented-development （TOD） is discussed in this study by reviewing Hong Kong Railway+ Property development model which is proved very successful in mass transit rail development in Hong Kong. This paper examines current practice of urban transit as of conventional public transport infrastructure in China and looks into ways of getting over the bureaucratic and technologic hurdles in order to generating synergy value and opportunity of rail oriented urban development. Taking the TOD and public-private-partnership (PPP) study of Shenzhen metro line 6 as an example, the sustainable urban rail development model is introduced and elaborated. It concludes that the sustainable urban rail transit shall be able to energize the great potential of rail and urban development at macro, meso and micro levels, through effective integration of administration and technology resources, and generation of win-win scenarios among government, metro company, people and stakeholders.

关键词： urban rail transit Railway+ Property(R+P) sustainability transit oriented development private public partnership

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Mechanism design of reverse auction on concession period and generalized quality for PPP projects

Xianjia WANG, Shiwei WU

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 156-170 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017016

摘要： Reverse auctions of PPP projects usually require the bid to specify several characteristics of quality and the concession period to be fulfilled. This paper sets up a summary function of generalized quality, which contributes to reducing the dimensions of information. Thus, the multidimensional reverse auction model of a PPP project can be replaced by a two-dimensional direct mechanism based on the concession period and the generalized quality. Based on the theory of the revelation principle, the feasibility conditions, equilibrium solution and generalized quality requirements of such a mechanism, considering the influence of a variable investment structure are described. Moreover, two feasible multidimensional reverse auctions for implementing such a direct mechanism: Adjusting the scoring function and establishing a special reverse auction rule are built. The analysis shows that in these types of reverse auctions, optimal allocation can be achieved, the social benefit under the incomplete information will be maximized, and the private sector with the highest integrated management level wins the bid. In such a direct mechanism, the investment and financial pressure of the public sector can be reduced.

关键词： PPP project reverse auction mechanism design multidimensional information scoring function two-stage bidding

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城市轨道交通PPP融资模式中补偿和服务水平的确定研究

况勇,廉大为,赵雪锋

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 87-90

摘要：

文章在详细阐述了城市轨道交通PPP融资模式的两种补偿方式运作流程的基础上，分别构建了前、后补偿方式下政府补偿额度、私营部门最佳服务水平的数学模型

关键词： PPP融资补偿城市轨道交通

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Finance infrastructure through blockchain-based tokenization

Yifeng TIAN, Zheng LU, Peter ADRIAENS, R. Edward MINCHIN, Alastair CAITHNESS, Junghoon WOO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 485-499 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0140-2

摘要： The infrastructure finance gap has long-standing implications for economic and social development. Owing to low efficiency, high transaction costs, and long transaction time, conventional infrastructure financing instruments are considered to be major contributors to the increasing mismatch between the need for infrastructure development and available financing. Implemented through smart contracts, blockchain tokenization has shown characteristics that are poised to change the capital stack of infrastructure investment. This study analyzed the first SEC-compliant energy asset security token, ZiyenCoin, from the perspective of the key participants, relevant regulations, and token offering procedures. Results show that tokenization can improve infrastructure assets liquidity, transaction efficiency, and transparency across intermediaries. Conventional infrastructure financing instruments were compared with blockchain tokenization by reviewing the literature on infrastructure finance. The benefits and barriers of tokenizing infrastructure assets were thoroughly discussed to devise ways of improving infrastructure financing. The study also found that the potential of tokenization has not yet been fully realized because of the limited technical infrastructures, regulation uncertainties, volatilities in the token market, and absence of the public sector. This study contributes to the present understanding of how blockchain technology can be implemented in infrastructure finance and the role of tokenization in the structure of public–private partnership and project finance.

关键词： infrastructure asset blockchain tokenization security token offering smart contract public–private partnership project finance

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渤海海峡跨海通道建设的PPP 融资模式探索研究

张凌,王磊

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第12期页码 27-31

摘要： Public-private-partnership（PPP）融资模式克服了build-operate-transfer（BOT）模式中两个最关键的缺点，即项目前期工作的周期过长以及投资方和贷款人风险过大PPP融资模式比BOT模式更优越，效率更高，风险分配更合理，项目融资的成功可能性也更大，而且在PPP模式下，政府部门拥有一定决策权和控制权。渤海海峡跨海通道可以借鉴PPP融资模式。

关键词：交通运输经济融资模式跨海通道 PPP模式